Dangdut is a genre of Indonesian popular music that is partly derived from Hindustani or Hindi music, Malay, Arabic. Dangdut is a very popular genre because of its melodious instrumental usage and vocals by the singers and musicians, and Indonesians really enjoy Dangdut together while dancing in the Ghoomar style. Dangdut really has a powerful feeling to enjoyment because of its tabla and gendang beat, which insists Dangdut listeners to dance to it. Dangdut has very similar melody, vocal, and instruments to Indian Hindustani Music, because of its influence from India and Sanskrit.
A dangdut band typically consists of a lead singer, male or female, backed by four to eight musicians. Instruments usually include a tabla, Gendang, Flute, mandolin, guitars, and synthesizers.The term has been expanded from the desert-style music to embrace other musical styles.Modern dangdut incorporates influences from Middle Eastern pop music, Western rock, house music, hip-hop music, contemporary R&B, and reggae.
Dangdut got a peak in the 1990s and in 2012, Dangdut mostly popular in the western parts of Indonesia and not in the eastern parts, aside from Maluku.
The term 'dang-dut' is a Javanese-language onomotopoeia for the sound of the tabla (also known as gendang) drum, which is written dang and ndut. It was reportedly coined by music magazine Aktuil, although Rhoma Irama states that it was coined as a term of derision by the rich to the music of the poor. Despite its derogatory intent, it was seized upon by those playing it, and the term appears in Rhoma's 1973 dangdut classic Terajana:
Sulingnya suling bambu - The flute, a bamboo flute
Gendangnya kulit lembu - The drum, from cow skin
Dangdut suara gendang rasa ingin berdendang - Dangdut's drum sound makes you want to sing
'Dangdut' as a term distinguished the music of Javanese from the orkes Melayu of North Sumatran Malays.
Besides 'orkes Melayu', the primary musical influence on dangdut was Indian Bollywood music. The song Terajana pays homage to the 1959 Bollywood hit 'Tera Jana Ke', and though dangdut is primarily written in Indonesian language, respect was paid to the Indian influence. The next verse of Terajana reads:
Terajana… Terajana - Terajana, Terajana
Ini lagunya… lagu India - This is the song, song of India
Orkes Melayu singer Ellya Khadam switched to dangdut in the 1970s, and by 1972 she was the number one artist in Indonesia. Her success, with that of Rhoma Irama, meant that by 1975 75% of all recorded music in Indonesia was of the dangdut genre, with pop bands such as Koes Plus adopting the style.
Pop music (a term that originally derives from an abbreviation of "popular") is a genre of popular music which originated in its modern form in the 1950s, deriving from rock and roll. The terms popular music and pop music are often used interchangeably, even though the former is a description of music which is popular (and can include any style).
As a genre, pop music is very eclectic, often borrowing elements from other styles including urban, dance, rock, Latin and country;nonetheless, there are core elements which define pop. Such include generally short-to-medium length songs, written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as the common employment of repeated choruses, melodic tunes, and catchy hooks.
So-called "pure pop" music, such as power pop, features all these elements, using electric guitars, drums and bass for instrumentation;in the case of such music, the main goal is usually that of being pleasurable to listen to, rather than having much artistic depth.Pop music is generally thought of as a genre which is commercially recorded and desires to have a mass audience appeal.
David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as "a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, and folk musics". Although pop music is often seen as oriented towards the singles charts it is not the sum of all chart music, which has always contained songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs, while pop music as a genre is usually seen as existing and developing separately.Thus "pop music" may be used to describe a distinct genre, aimed at a youth market, often characterized as a softer alternative to rock and roll.Pop music (a term that originally derives from an abbreviation of "popular") is a genre of popular music which originated in its modern form in the 1950s, deriving from rock and roll.The terms popular music and pop music are often used interchangeably, even though the former is a description of music which is popular (and can include any style).
As a genre, pop music is very eclectic, often borrowing elements from other styles including urban, dance, rock, Latin and country;nonetheless, there are core elements which define pop. Such include generally short-to-medium length songs, written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as the common employment of repeated choruses, melodic tunes, and catchy hooks.
So-called "pure pop" music, such as power pop, features all these elements, using electric guitars, drums and bass for instrumentation;in the case of such music, the main goal is usually that of being pleasurable to listen to, rather than having much artistic depth.Pop music is generally thought of as a genre which is commercially recorded and desires to have a mass audience appeal.
Jazz spans a range of music from ragtime to the present day-a period of over 100 years-and has proved to be very difficult to define. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions-using the point of view of European music history or African music for example-but critic Joachim Berendt argues that its terms of reference and its definition should be broader.Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art musicwhich originated in the United States through the Confrontation of blacks with European music" and argues that it differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time defined as 'swing'", involves "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in roomates improvisation plays a role "and contains a" sonority and manner of phrasing roomates mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician ".
A broader definition that encompasses all of the Radically different eras of jazz has been proposed by Travis Jackson: he states that it is music that includes qualities such as swing, improvising, group interaction, developing an 'individual voice', and being open to different possibilities.An musical overview of the discussion on definitions is provided by Krin Gabbard, who argues that "jazz is a construct" that, while artificial, still is useful to designate "a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition ". In contrast to the Efforts of commentators and enthusiasts of certain types of jazz, who have argued for narrower definitions that exclude other types, the musicians Often Themselves are reluctant to define the music they play. Duke Ellington summed up this perspective by saying, "It's all music".
Importance of improvisation
Considered While jazz is difficult to define, improvisation is consistently Regarded as being one of its key elements. The centrality of improvisation in jazz is Attributed to its presence in Influential Earlier forms of music: the earlyblues, a form of folk music roomates arose in part from the work songs and field hollers of the African-American workers on plantations. These were commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, but early blues was also highly improvisational. Although European classical music has been said to be a composer's medium in roomates the performer is sometimes granted discretion over interpretation, ornamentation and Accompaniment, the performer's primary goal is to play a composition as it was written. In contrast, jazz is Often Characterized as the product of group creativity, interaction, and collaboration, that places varying degrees of value on the Contributions of composer (if there is one) and performers. Summarizing the difference, pianist Earl Hines remarked in a 1975 movie that,
... when I was playing classical music I would not dare get away from what I was reading. If you've noticed, all of the symphonic musicians, they have played some of those classical tunes for years but they would not vary from one note-and every time they play they have to have the music. So that's why for some classical musicians, it's very difficult for them to try to learn how to play jazz.
In jazz, therefore, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice. Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with other musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will. The importance of improvisation has led some critics to suggest that even Duke Ellington's music was not jazz, Because It was arranged and orchestrated.On the other hand, the piano solo "transformative versions" of Ellington Compositions by Earl Hines were described by Ben Ratliff, The New York Times jazz critic, as being "as good an example of the jazz process as anything out there".
The approach to improvisation has developed enormously over the history of the music. In early New Orleans and Dixieland jazz, performers took turns playing the melody, while others improvised countermelodies. By swingera, big bands were coming to rely more on arranged music: arrangementswere either written or learned by ear and memorized, while individual soloists would improvise within these arrangements. Later, in bebop the focus shifted back towards small groups and minimal arrangements; the melody (known as the "head") would be stated Briefly at the start and end of a piece, but the core of the performance would be the series of improvisations . Later styles of jazz such asmodal abandoned the strict notion of a chord progression, allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or mode. In many forms of jazz a soloist is Often supported by arhythm section that accompanies the soloist by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and complement the soloist. In avant-gardeand free jazz idioms, the separation of soloist and band is reduced, and there is license, or even a requirement, for the abandoning of chords, scales, and rhythmic meters.
Debates
Forms of jazz that are commercially oriented or influenced by popular music have been Criticized since at least the Emergence of bebop. According to Bruce Johnson, there has always been a "tension between jazz as a commercial music and an art form." Traditional jazz enthusiasts have dismissed bebop, free jazz, the 1970s jazz fusion era, and much else as periods of debasement of the music and betrayals of the tradition; the alternative viewpoint is that jazz is Able to absorb and transform Influences from diverse musical styles, and that, by avoiding the creation of 'norms', other newer hotel, avant-garde forms of jazz will be free to emerge .
Another debate that Gained a lot of attention at the birth of jazz was how it would Affect the appearance of African-Americans, in particular, who were a part of it. To some African-Americans, jazz has Highlighting their contribution to American society and helped bring attention to black history and culture, but for others, the music and the term 'jazz' are reminders of "an oppressive and racist society and restrictions on their artistic visions ".
Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in 1950s America and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.
Musically, rock has centered around the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with bass guitar and drums. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature utilizing a verse-chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse and common musical characteristics are difficult to define. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. The dominance of rock by white, male musicians has been seen as one of the key factors shaping the themes explored in rock music. Rock places a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and an ideology of authenticity than pop music.
By the late 1960s, referred to as the "golden age"or "classic rock"period, a number of distinct rock music sub-genres had emerged, including hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion, many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock influenced by the counter-cultural psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements; glam rock, which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring major sub-genre of heavy metal, which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other sub-genres, including New Wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion sub-genres have since emerged, including pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.
Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song, rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity.
Characteristics
Origins (1950s–early 1960s)
Golden age (mid- to late 1960s)
Progression (late 1960s to mid-1970s)
Punk and its aftermath (mid-1970s to the 1980s)
Alternative goes mainstream (the 1990s)
The new millennium (since 2000)
